Chater 2(一)-s.ppt

1. Grasp the general Chemical analysis methods for identification (掌握常见的化学鉴别法) 2. Grasp the general Chromatography analysis methods for identification (掌握常用的色谱鉴别法) 3. Grasp the general spectroscopy analysis methods for identification ( 掌握常用的光谱鉴别法) 4. Grasp the general biochemical methods for identification ( 掌握常用的生化鉴别法) Characteristic: Special groups: 化学鉴别法一般是特定官能团或特定结构化合物的特性反应，与其他鉴别结合使用，可以使鉴别的专属性更加突出。 Certain type of ingredients: 通过一般鉴别试验只能证实是某一类成分，而不能证实是哪一种成分。例如，经一般鉴别反应的钠盐试验，证实某一药物为钠盐，但不能辨认是氯化钠、苯甲酸钠或者是其它某一种钠盐药物。 各组分在互不相溶的两“相”溶剂之间的分配系数（一种溶质在互不相溶两种溶剂溶解度达到平衡时，在两溶剂中的浓度比例）之差异（分配色谱）、组分对吸附剂吸附能力不同（吸附色谱）、分子的大小的差异（排阻色谱）或其它亲和作用的差异，来进行反复地吸附或分配，从而使混合物中的各组分得以分离。 According to the separation principle: √Partition chromatography（分配色谱）: partition coefficient √ Adsorption chromatography(吸附色谱) : adsorption capability √ Molecular Exclusion Chromatography(分子排阻色谱) :size,shape √ Affinity Chromatography (亲和色谱): affinity capability √ Ion Exchange Chromatography (离子交换色谱): ion characteristic According to carrier (根据载体及操作条件的不同): ● Paper Chromatography: 纸色谱 ● Thin-Layer Chromatography, TLC: 薄层色谱 ● Column Chromatography: 柱色谱 √ Liquid chromatography(液相色谱) Partition chromatography Adsorption chromatography Molecular Exclusion Chromatography Affinity Chromatography Ion Exchange Chromatography √ Gas chromatography :气相色谱 比移值(Retardation value, Rf) : Rf = 4. Affinity Chromatography :亲和色谱法 Limitations: Only thermally stable and volatile compounds can be analysed. The sample may require derivatisation to a volatile form. Aqueous solutions and salts cannot be injected into the instrument. IR major absorptions Reagent : 试剂 Two Phases : 两相 Stationary phase: 固定相 Mobile phase: 流动相 Partition chromatography: 分配色谱 Adsorption chromatography: 吸附色谱 Molecular Exclusion Chromatography : 分子排阻色谱 Affinity Chromatography: 亲和色谱 Ion Exchange Chromatography: 离子交换色谱 Chromatographic Column : 层析柱