gcai1.ppt

* Engineering Mechanics Tension and Compression* 实验报告要求 1. 实验名称、实验时间、地点及人员等 2. 实验目的 3. 实验原理 （仪器与设备） 4. 实验内容 5. 实验数据及处理（数据表、图线等） 6. 误差分析（可能原因） 7. 结论 * * Engineering Mechanics Tension and Compression* 传统的应力应变曲线中, 进入塑性阶段, 应力仍用轴力除以原始截面积. 实际上, 由于试件径向变形, 特别在径缩阶段, 试件截面积在不断减小, 实际的应力应除以实际截面. 因此, 实际的应力应变关系应如图中虚线所示. ?-? 图中, 在A点前?-? 关系基本为直线, 二者成线性, 其比例系数对应材料的弹性模量E.A点对应的应力称为比例极限(proportional limit, or elastic limit). 对于塑性材料, 过A点之后, 有一基本为水平走向的波动阶段(此时应力变化不大而应变变化较大, 材料进入塑性)屈服阶段. 对应的应力称为yield strength. 由于?e，?P，与?S 相差无几， 一般它们不予区别。 图中最高点B对应的应力称为Ultimate strength. * Engineering Mechanics Tension and Compression* 对于屈服阶段不明显的材料, 采用所谓的“offset strength” 方法确定屈服强度. 即以应变0.002处作初始阶段?-?曲线的平行线, 与?-?曲线的交点C对应的应力作为屈服强度. * Engineering Mechanics Tension and Compression* linearly elastic nonlinearly elastic If in stressing a material its elastic limit is exceeded, on unloading it usually responds approximately in a linearly elastic manner, as shown in Fig.(c), and a permanent deformation, or set develops at no external load. The area enclosed by the loop corresponds to dissipated energy released through heat. Ideal elastic materials are considered not to dissipate any energy under monotonic or cyclic loading. * Engineering Mechanics Tension and Compression* Percent elongation and percent reduction in area The percent elongation is defined as Where: l---the original gage length; l1---the gage length at fracture. δ5%---ductile material, δ5%---brittle material. Where: A---the original cross-sectional area; A1---the final area at the fracture section. The percent reduction in area is defined as * Engineering Mechanics Tension and Compression* 1-5 Hooke’s law and Poisson’s ratio 1. Lateral strain Similarly to ?, the lateral contraction ?’ per unit of initial gage width is given as 2. Poission’s Ratio 实验表明: 当拉压杆内应力不超过材料比例极限(Proportional limit)时, 横向应变与纵向应变之比为一常数. 其绝对值称为泊桑比(Poission’s ratio). * Eng