第1章管理科学理论与实践.docVIP

Chapter 1 management: Science, Theory, and Practice Definition of management: its nature and purpose Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims. The Functions of Management The five managerial functions around which managerial knowledge are organized are: Planning, organizing, staffing, leading, controlling. Universal need for management Managerial Functions at Different Organizational Levels No basic distinction is made between managers, executives, administrators, and supervisors All managers carry out managerial functions. However, the time spent for each function may differ Time Spent in Carrying Out Managerial Functions Managerial Skills and the Organizational Hierarchy The four skills for administrators are: Technical; Human; Conceptual; Design skills Skills and management levels The Goals of All Managers and Organizations The aim of all managers should be to create right! a surplus! But how? Managers must establish an environment in which people can accomplish group goals with the least input. (i.e. amount of time, money, materials, and personal dissatisfaction.) Characteristics of Excellent and Most Admired Companies (Peters Waterman) These firms: Were oriented toward action Learned about the needs of their customers Promoted managerial autonomy and entrepreneurship Achieved productivity by paying close attention to the needs of their people Were driven by a company philosophy often based on the values of their leaders Focused on the business they knew best Had a simple organization structure with a lean staff Were centralized as well as decentralized, depending on appropriateness Advances in Technologies, Trends in Globalization, and a focus Entrepreneurship for Adapting to Changes in the 21st Century To be successful in the 21stCentury, companies must take advantage of the new information technology-especially the Internet–Globalizati