《溶胶》2nd Solution 1.ppt

Simplified chart of sol-gel processes 1. Solvents Water, H2O Results of polar structure I Results of polar structure II Auto-dissociate Non aqueous solvents Non aqueous solvents Classification Amphoteric solvents 2. Precursors transformations 第一电离能和电子亲和势 Chemical potential of the electrons and electronegativity of an isolated atom Partial charge model Electronegativity scales Allred-Rochow’s electronegativity Water as an example Complex transformation [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 Nucleophilic addition Dissociative mechanism Associative substitution Interchange substitution Bidentate Typical chelating ligands (2; bidentate, 3; tridentate, 4; tetradentate, and 6; hexadentate) Typical chelating ligands (2; bidentate, 3; tridentate, 4; tetradentate, and 6; hexadentate) 3. 金属盐溶液 Metal Salts Solution Hydrolysis Formation of hydroxo ligands Deprotonation mechanism with hydroxo ligand Formation of hydroxo ligands from oxo ligands The mechanism Formation of oxo ligands Partial charge model (PCM) and hydrolysis PCM and Aquo, oxo domains PCM and the first deprotonation constant K11 4. 阴离子效应 Complexation with anions [Fe(OH)2(OH2)4]+ with bidentate anions Overall complexation of a metal M by anions 先驱体变化的例子 制备NASICON的原材料 Species in the precursor solution Equilibria without hydroxyacids Equilibria with hydroxyacids Zirconium solubility Therefore And Finally Zirconium solubility at pH0.8 Zirconium solubility at pH1.5 Zirconium solubility versus citric acid concentration Zirconium solubility versus citric acid concentration 4. 如果水合物不稳定，可能发生的反应是什么？主要产物？反应进行的条件是什么？ 1. Al(NO3)3溶于水后，电离，形成Al3＋和NO3－? 2. Al3＋在水中稳定存在吗？ 3. 如果形成水合物，即Al3＋的络合物，它稳定吗？ IONS SOLVATATION MX = [M(H2O)n]z+ + [X(H2O)m]z-, Z = 4~8, frequently 6, [Al(H2O)6]3+, H9O4+ Hydrolysis is the deprotonation of a salvated metal cation. The aquo ligand, H2O is transformed into an hydroxo ligand, OH-, if only one proton leaves. Into an oxo ligand, O2-, if two protons detaches. The first deprotonation The successive deprotonations The equivalent