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第一组 Proteins made to order Proteins are an enormous巨大的 molecular achievement成就: chains链条 of amino acids that fold折叠 spontaneously（自发的） into a precise明确的 conformation构造, time after time, optimized（使优化） by evolution进化 for their particular特别的 function. Yet given the exponential(指数) number of contortions（扭曲） possible for any chain of amino acids氨基酸, dictating规定 a sequence序列 that will fold into a predictable可预言的 structure has been a daunting task. Bending rules Protein strands线 typically典型的 form helices（螺旋线） and other classic secondary structures that in turn fold into the final protein shape. The team realized that these structures could be made to twist in one direction or another depending on the length of the loops that connected them. By choosing the right sequence（序列） lengths between these building blocks, the team could predict which way they would fold. Using these and additional criteria（标准，条件）, the team developed a number of candidate sequences（序列） designed to fold into one of five structures. They vetted these sequences using the group抯 Rosetta@home program, which uses volunteers?home computer power to run protein-folding simulations. Rosetta volunteers test-folded each sequence hundreds of thousands of times. About 10% of the sequences had predicted structures that were stable and matched what the team intended. The winning sequences did not match any known natural proteins. 蛋白质定制 蛋白质是一个巨大的分子的成就:链氨基酸,褶皱形成一个精确的构象,一次又一次,优化的进化为他们的特殊功能。然而,鉴于指数数量的弯曲可能对任何链氨基酸,规定一个序列,会折叠成一个可预测的结构一直是一个艰巨的任务。 弯曲规则 蛋白质链一般形式和其他经典的二级结构的螺旋线,反过来折叠成最终的蛋白质形状。团队意识到,这些结构可以在一个方向扭曲或另一个根据循环的长度,连接它们。通过选择合适的序列长度之间这些构建块,团队可以预测哪些方法他们将褶皱。 使用这些和其他标准,该团队开发了一个数字序列的候选人旨在折叠成5个结构。他们审查这些序列使用该集团的rosetta @ home项目,它使用志愿者的家用电脑的能力,来运行模拟蛋白质折叠。罗塞塔志愿者测试折叠每个序列成千上百次。大约10%的序列预测结构稳定,与预期的团队。获胜的序列不匹配任何已知的自然蛋白质。 ——摘自《NATURE》 NEWS Jessica Marshall 07 November 2012 第二组 Murine（鼠科动物） studies have shown that immunological targeting of fibroblast activation protein(FAP（成纤维细胞活性蛋白的）) can elicit protecti