Lesson 9 Modes of trade.pptVIP

在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。 In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market. Sophisticated: having or appealing to those having worldly knowledge and refinement and savoir-faire; ahead in development; complex or intricate; intellectually appealing adj. 复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的 工艺精良 sophisticated technology 尖端设备；高级设备 sophisticated equipment 1.Counter trade is implemented (carry out) because it helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages. 2.Counter trade can be used to promote exports. 3.Counter trade can be used to reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts. (income, earnings) 4.Counter trade is used to bypass (避开) an international price agreement like, for example, that of OPEC （cartel）. 5.Counter trade may help those nations with serious debt problems （debtor nation 债务国）to continue to import goods while, in effect, concealing (隐瞒) export earnings from creditors (债权人). However, counter trade can be very risky business. By concealing the real prices and costs of transactions it may conceal and help perpetuate（使永久存在） economic inefficiencies in the market place. Companies may suffer losses because they could not get rid of （sell）products of poor quality. Finally, counter trade may be considered as a form of protectionism. Among other modes of trade are processing trade（加工贸易）, consignment（寄售）, leasing trade（租赁贸易）, agency（代理） etc. leasing trade租赁贸易: as specified by a lease contract, a lessor leases out its asset such as a piece of machinery to a lesee for a specific period of time and collects rentals for it. The lessor retains the right of ownership but the lessee acquires the right to use the asset in return for the payment of specific rentals or payments. 出租人根据合约将设备出租给承租人，收取租金。承租人只付租金，不付贷款。 agency代理: a business or service authorized to act for others 被授权替他人做事的商业或服务机构 Key Points: 1) Origin and development of counter trade 2) Current counter trade a. Barter b. Counter purchase