Adv. Analytical Chemistry Lecture 4.pptxVIP

Lecture 4 – Basic OpticsRefraction ReflectionEiERθiθRnintinterfaceEtθtBrewster’s AngleCritical Angle = 100% reflectivityMetal MirrorsMetal mirrors will impart a phase delay in the reflected beamDielectric mirrorsHigh quality laser mirrorsDefined wavelengthVery sensitive to angle of incidence (AOI)Broadband Dielectric mirrorsReflection is in phase at design wavelength and angle (45°)“Light behaves in a sensible manner”Paraxial Formulas:True for small values of αCollimated light - all beams are travelling in same direction, paraxial approximation is validLensPlano-Convex LensfFocal PointR2=∞R1=RPlano-Concave LensfFocal PointR2=∞R1=-RMagnification?A 1-mm high object is placed on the optical axis,. 200 mm to the left principal point of a biconvex lens. Where is the image formed and what is the magnification?s” = 66.7 mmLens Combination FormulaeLight CollectionSolid Angle (Ω) – steradians (sr)For a cone within a sphere:Ωsphere= 4π srEverything has limitsObjectF’FImageDiffraction limitAberrationsSpherical AberrationAstigmatismComaField CurvatureDistortionChromatic Aberration/Lateral ColorAstigmatismZ-PairsChromatic Aberration/Lateral ColorAchromatsCompensate for chromatic aberration using materials with different refractive indexReflective optics do not suffer chromatic aberrationTelescope/ Camera Lens / Microscope ObjectiveFiber OpticsA convenient way to move light.Tend to have low coupling efficiency ~ 60-70%The fiber core can be designed to maintain polarizationTDepending on the energy of the light you need to use, the materials that are appropriate will vary. This is due to normal and anamolous dispersion that we discussed last classWavelength selectors are divided into continuous and discontinuous. When light is incident upon a change in refractive index, it is either bounced back (reflection) or transmitted (refraction)The porportions of light in either direction depend on the refractive indices and also the polarization of light. The equations that govern the