Alkanes.pptVIP

* 2.1 Classes of hydrocarbons 2.2 Structures of Alkanes 2.2.1 Structures of Alkanes sp3 Hybridized orbital Structure of metnane Structure of ethane Shapes of alkanes 2.2.2 Isomerization of Alkanes 2.3 Nomenclature of Alkanes 2.3.1 Unbranched Alkanes: Chapter 2 Alkanes 2.3.2 Branched Alkanes 2.3.3 Branched alkyl groups 2.3.4 Cycloalkane Nomenclature 2.4 Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 2.5 Conformation(构象)of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 2.5.1 Conformation of Alkanes 1. Conformational Analysis of Ethane 2. Conformational Analysis of Butane 2.5.2 Conformation of Cyclohexane 1. Cis-trans isomerism in Cyclohexane 2. Conformation of Cyclohexane 3. Conformational Analysis of Mono-substituted Cyclohenaxes 4. Conformational Analysis of Disubstituted cyclohexanes Hydrocarbons (烃) C. H elements Aliphatic (脂肪的) Aromatic (芳香的) Cycloalkanes Alkenes Alkynes 2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons Alkanes Saturated Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Alkanes Alkenes alkynes 2.2 Structures of Alkanes P35, 1.15-1.16 2.2.1 Structures of Alkanes C : 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz0 Electronic configuration in ground state of a carbon atom Hybrid orbitals(杂化轨道): Ground state 2p 2s 1s Promotion of electron Exited state 2p 2s 1s sp3-Hybridized state 1s sp3 Hybri- dized 2s 2py 2pz 2px An sp3 orbital ? s orbital ? p orbital 4 tetrahedral sp3 orbitals Geometric structure: tetrahedron 109.5° 109.5° Four tetrahedral sp3 orbital The Structure of Methane 4 equivalent C－Ｈσ键 Bond angle:109.5° C: sp3 orbital H: 1s orbital Geometric structure: tetrahedron A ball-and-stick model of methane A space and filling model of methane The Structure of ethane P14,1.8 C2H6 CH3CH3 The carbon-carbon bond is formed by σoverlap of 2 carbon sp3 hybrid orbitals. C C H H H C C H H H σbond The character of σ bond: Higher bond energy; Lower polarizability； Rotation about bond axes. An ball-and-stick m