林建超32-33-A16.docVIP

Historical Insight The motion of large objects, such as planets and satellites, can be predicted to a high degree of accuracy using classical theoretical physicsbased on Newton’s laws of mo- tion. Beginning around 1895, certain experimental results that involved electrons and high-frequency electromagnetic waves (x-rays) appeared to be inconsistent with re- sults predicted by classical physics .In 1923, Arthur Compton established that x-rays behave like particles with well-defined energy quanta when they scatter from metals. These new experimental results can be predicted and described using the principles of quantum mechanics, which were developed during the 1920s. The quantum mechan- Ical wave theory is the basis for the theory of semiconductor physics. Present-Day Insight Quantum mechanical wave theory is still the basis for describing and predicting the Behavior of semiconductor devices and materials.Quantum mechanics is especially important in analyzing heterojunction lasers (Chapter 12). 2.1 | PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS Objective：Discuss a few basic principles of quantum mechanics that apply to semiconductor material and device physics. We are ultimately interested in semiconductor materials whose electrical properties are directly related to the behavior of electrons in the crystal lattice. The behavior and characteristics of these electrons can be described by the formulation of quantum mechanics called wave mechanics. We first describe two principles of quantum me- chanics. We then briefly introduce Schrodinger’s wave equation and consider a few basic results that are derived from applying this equation to specific problems. 2.1.1 Energy Quanta One experiment that demonstrates an inconsistency-between experimental results and the classical theory of light is called the photoelectric effect. If monochromatic light is incident on a clean surface of a material, then under certain conditions, elec- trons (photoelectrons) are emitted from the sur