English_环境化学_ch_3_water_pollution第一部分.pptVIP

COD CALCULATION COD levels of 60 mg/L were measured in groundwater. It is suspected that fuel contamination is the main cause. What concentration of hydrocarbons from fuel is necessary to account for all of the COD observed? Fuel hydrocarbons to have an average unit formula of CH2. The oxidation reaction is 3.2.7 Metals in water Three general classes: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K (Periodic Table Group 1A). Alkaline metals: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba (Periodic Table Group 2A). Heavy metals: All metals to the right of the alkali and alkaline metals in the Periodic Table. Metals in natural waters may be in dissolved or particulate forms. Dissolved forms Cations: Ca2+, Fe2+, K+, Al3+, Ag+, etc. Complexes: Zn(OH)42+, Au(CN) 2 –, Ca(P2O7)2-, PuEDTA, etc. Organometallics: Hg(CH3)2, B(C2H5)3, Al(C2H5)3, etc. Particulate forms Mineral sediments Precipitated oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, carbonates, etc. Cations sorbed to sediments A metal water quality standard Dissolved: Sample is filtered on site through a 0.45-micron filter, then acidified to pH 2 for preservation before analysis. Potentially dissolved: Sample is acidified to pH 2, held for 72 to 90 hours, then filtered through a 0.45-micron filter and analyzed. Total recoverable: Sample is acidified to pH 2 and analyzed without filtering. This procedure measures all metals, dissolved and bound to suspended sediments. Total: Sample is “digested” in an acidic solution until essentially all the metals present are extracted into soluble forms for analysis. GENERAL BEHAVIOR OF DISSOLVED METALS IN WATER Metal cations always attract a hydration shell of water molecules by electrostatic attraction to the positive charge of the cation. Hydrated metal ions behave as acids by donating protons (H+) to H2O molecules, forming the acidic H3O+ hydronium ion. Make a neutral metal hydroxide: Molecules in the hydration shell can lose a proton to bulk water molecules, as indicated by the arrow, leaving a hydroxide group bonded to th