水泥化学Cement Chemistry.docVIP

Cement Chemistry Cements:- used since historical times (Pyramids ( 3000 BC; Colosseum). Ancient cements of varying types. Two main classes of constructional cements are defined: non-hydraulic cements - do not set under water (see box), and hydraulic cement. Non-hydraulic cements e.g. (i) Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.1/2 H2O) CaSO4.1/2 H2O + 11/2H2O ( CaSO4.2H2O (gypsum) (ii) lime-based cement (CaO) CaO + H2O ( Ca(OH)2 + CO2( CaCO3 (calcite) Non-hydraulic cements were amongst the most common of the ancient cements. The relatively high solubilities of portlandite (Ca(OH)2) and gypsum means that they deteriorate rapidly in moist or wet environments. The early Romans made good use of lime based cements and mortars (cement + sand) by ramming the wet pastes to form a high density surface layer which carbonates in contact with air to produce a low permeability surface skin of calcite. This protected the underlying Ca(OH)2 and examples of Roman lime mortars can still be seen in Hadrians Wall. Lime mortars were still used in domestic construction until relatively recently. Raw (natural) materials required temperature treatment. Partial dehydration of natural gypsum ((200oC), and calcination of calcite ((850oC). Hydraulic cements - more durable. Hydration products are very insoluble - cements set under water. Earliest systematic development of these, probably Roman - use of limestones containing silica and alumina and also use of volcanic earths as an additive to limestone prior to calcination. Forerunner of modern Portland cements. Portland cement - patented by Joseph Aspdin in mid-1800’s. Made from finely ground limestone and finely divided clay to give a burned product containing 65-70% CaO, 18-24% SiO2, 3-8% Fe2O3, 3-8% Al2O3 plus smaller proportions of minor oxides (e.g. Na2O, K2O, MgO, etc.). Modern plants permit much more efficient processing and in addition, proportion raw mix compositions to produce a cement from which a range of strength development and durability p