基因组组成.pptVIP

* * Part 1. Genes and genomes Chapter 3 The content of the genome 3.1?Introduction ? The key question about the genome is how many genes it contains. We can think about the total number of genes at four levels, corresponding to successive stages in gene expression: The genome基因组 is the complete set of genes of an organism. It is defined by the complete DNA sequence. The transcriptome 转录组is the set of expressed genes. The transcriptome includes noncoding RNAs as well as mRNAs. The proteome 蛋白组is the complete set of proteins. It can be used to refer to the set of proteins coded by the whole genome or produced in any particular cell or tissue. Interactome蛋白互作组: protein-protein interaction network. Defining the contents of a genome essentially means making a map. We can think about mapping genes and genomes at several levels of resolution. 1. A genetic (or linkage) map 遗传图identifies the distance between mutations in terms of recombination frequencies. 2. A linkage map连锁图 can also be constructed by measuring recombination between sites in genomic DNA. 3. The ultimate map is to determine the sequence of the DNA. YAC, BAC, FOSMID, etc. 3.2?Genomes can be mapped by linkage, restriction cleavage, or DNA sequence ? 3.3?Individual genomes show extensive variation ? genetic polymorphism遗传多态性 refers to the simultaneous occurrence in the population of genomes showing variations at a given position. The original definition applied to alleles producing different phenotypes. Now it is also used to describe changes in DNA affecting the restriction pattern or even the sequence. Single nucleotide polymorphism?(SNP)单核苷酸多态性 describes a polymorphism (variation in sequence between individuals) caused by a change in a single nucleotide. Restriction fragment length polymorphism?(RFLP)限制性片段长度多态性 refers to inherited differences in sites for restriction enzymes (for example, caused by base changes in the target site) that result in differences in the lengths of the fragments prod