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SHAFT ACCESSORIES Keys, splines, and pins. When power is being transmitted from a machine such as a coupling, a clutch, a gear, a flywheel, or a pulley to the shaft on which it is mounted, means must be provided for preventing relative motion between the shaft and- the member. On helical and bevel gears, relative movement along the shaft caused by the thrust (axial) loads is prevented by a step in the shaft or by having the gear contact the bearing directly or through a tubular spacer. When axial loads are incidental and of small magnitude, the members are kept from sliding along the shaft by means of CD a set screw. The primary purpose of keys, splines, and pins is to prevent relative rotary movement. A commonly used type of key has a square cross section (Figure 22A) and is sunk half in the shaft and half in the hub of the other member. If the key is made of steel (which is commonly the case) of the same strength as the shaft and has a width and depth equal to one fourth of the shaft diameter (this proportion is closely approximated in practice) then it will have the same torque capacity as the solid shaft if its length is 1.57 times that of the shaft diameter. Another common type of key has a rectangular cross section with a depth to width ratio of 0.75. Both of these keys may either be straight or tapered in depth. The straight keys fit snugly on the sides of the keyways only, the tapered keys on all sides. Gib-head keys are tapered keys with a projection on one end to facilitate removal. Woodruff keys (Figure 22A) are widely used on machine tools and motor vehicles. The key is a segment of a disk and fits in a keyway in the shaft that is cut with a special milling cutter. Though the extra depth of these keys weakens the shaft considerably, it prevents any tendency of the key to rotate or move axially. Woodruff keys are particularly suitable for tapering shaft ends. Because they weaken the shaft less, keys with straight or tapered circular cross sections are s