2016下半年贵州教师资格考试高频考点解析之英语语言学.docVIP

2016下半年贵州教师资格考试：高频考点解析之英语语言学 2016下半年教师资格统考笔试报名时间为9月6日-9日，笔试时间为11月5日，考试马上来临，为了帮助广大考生更好的备战贵州教师资格考试，中公贵州教师网特整理了2016下半年贵州教师资格考试：高频考点解析之英语语言学，希望能对考生有所帮助！ 一、语音学及音系学之高频考点 一 Phonetics Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds. 语音学研究人类发音的特点，特别是言语语音特征、并对语音进行描写、分类和转写。 根据图1，即言语表达过程的三个环节：说话者、空气和听话者。语音学一般分为三个分支：发音语音学 articulatory phonetics 、声学语音学 acoustic phonetics 及听觉语音学 auditory phonetics 。 在语音学中的三个分支中，发音语音学相对来说更成熟，所以在语音学中主要研究发音语音学。The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity—the throat, the oral cavity—the mouth, and the nasal cavity—the nose. 人类的发音器包含在三个重要的位置：咽腔—喉咙，口腔—嘴，鼻腔—鼻子。英语语音分为辅音和元音，可以通过如下表巧记。 二 Phonology Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure. There are some important definitions in phonology that we should pay more attention. 1. Minimal Pair When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. For example, dill and kill are a minimal pair because they differ from each other by the initial sound [d] and [k]. 最小对立体：如果两个词，除了出现在同一位置上的一个音以外，其余的音都相同，那么这两个词就构成了一个最小对立体。 2. Phonemic Contrast If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast. For example, /p/ and /b/ in /pit/ and /bit/. 音位对立：两个完全不同的音素，构成音位对立。如音位/p/和/b/在音素[pit]和[bit]中是属于音位对立。 最小对立体和音位对立虽是两种不同概念，但是本质是找出语言中的音位，只是对象有所不同，最小对立体是针对两个词，而音位对立则是针对两个音素。 3. Complementary Distribution互补分布 If two phonetically similar sounds are allophones of the same phoneme, then they do not distinguish meaning, but complementary each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in