预防医学期末复习.docxVIP

第一章 environment and health名解1、=#Air pollution---the introduction into the?atmosphere?of?chemicals,?particulates, or?biological materials?that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the?natural environment?or?built environment.2、=#primary pollutants---emitted directly into the atmosphere where they exert an adverse influence on human health or environment. such as ash from a volcanic eruption. Of particular concern are six primary pollutants emitted in large quantities：carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulates.3、#secondary pollutants---Once in the atmosphere, primary pollutants may react with other primary pollutants or atmospheric compounds such as water vapor to form secondary pollutants，eg acid precipitation。4、=#Global warming---an increase in the average temperature of the earths atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)。5、=Primordial prevention---is defined as prevention of risk factors themselves, beginning with change in social and environmental conditions in which these factors are observed to develop, and continuing for high risk children, adolescents and young adults.6、=Primary prevention--- includes efforts to control the underlying cause or condition that results in disability.7、Secondary prevention--- aims at preventing an existing illness or injury from progressing to long-term disability.8、Tertiary prevention--- refers to rehabilitation and special educational services to mitigate disability and improve functional and participatory or social outcomes once disability has occurred.9、#Photochemical smog---a noxious smog produced by the reaction of nitrogen oxides with volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in the presence of ultraviolet light from the sun.10、#greenhouse gas---a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range.11、#greenhouse effect---the rise in temperatur