语言学第一学期期末.docVIP

Chapter1 Design features of language (1) Arbitrariness任意性---linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. a. arbitrary relationship between the sound and meaning; b. on syntactic句法 level c. Conventionality规约性 Duality二重性---By duality is meant the property of having two level of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization”( J.Lyons) (language is hierarchical/ Stratification阶层: levels on levels) Displacement移位性---enables the user to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. Creativity创造性---Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness/Use of finite means to create infinite number of sentences. Functions of Language (1)informative信息功能---instrument of thought and expression of ideas. (2)interpersonal function人际功能---used to establish and maintain interpersonal relationship (3)performative施为功能---used to change the social status of persons. (4)emotive function感情功能---to get rid of our nervous energy when we are under stress,etc. (5)phatic communication寒暄交谈---to maintain a comfortable relationship without involving any factual content. (6)recreational function娱乐功能---Similar to poetic function.Ballad song, for the fun of it. (7)metalingual function元语言功能---We can use language to talk about language Main branches of linguistics (1) phonetics语音学---study of speech sound: articulatory/ auditory/ acoustic (2)phonology音系学---the study of sound patterns and sound systems of language. (3)morphology形态学---Studies the word formation of a language (and the rules governing the formation of words in a particular language.) (4)syntax句法学---Studies the principles of forming and understanding correct sentences in a language. (5)semantics语义学---Studies how meaning is encoded in a language. Word-phrase-sentence meanings (6)pragmatics语用学-