美国版成本会计Chapter9.ppt

* Chapter (9) Standard Costing and Variance Analysis * Standard costs are those expected to be achieved in a particular production process in a particular period of time under normal conditions. Standard costs are also known as planned costs, predicted costs, scheduled costs and specification costs Standard Costs * Types of Standards Ideal standards demand maximum efficiency and can be achieved only if everything operates perfectly. Currently attainable standards can be achieved under efficient operating conditions. * Sources for Quantitative Standards 1. Historical experience 2. Engineering studies 3. Input from operating personnel * Purposes of Standards To Improve Planning and Control To Facilitate Product Costing * Cost Assignment Approaches Manufacturing Costs Direct Direct Materials Labor Overhead Actual costing system Actual Actual Actual Normal costing system Actual Actual Budgeted Standard costing system Standard Standard Standard * Variance Analysis: General Description Actual Quantity of Input at Actual Price AQ x AP Actual Quantity of Input at Standard Price AQ x SP Standard Quantity of Input at Standard Price SQ x SP Price Variance AQ x (AP - SP) Usage Variance SP x (AQ - SQ) Total Variance (AQ x AP) - (SQ x SP) * Variance Investigation Variances are investigated if two conditions are met: 1. The variance is material.. 2. The benefits of investigating and taking corrective action are greater than its costs. * Control Limits: Standard + Allowable Deviation Investigating occurs for values outside the allowable range. EXAMPLE: Assume the allowable deviation may be the lesser of $8,000 or 10% of the standard. Suppose the standard is $50,000 and the actual deviation from standard is $6,000. Will the variance be investigated. Answer: Yes. Ten percent of standard is $5,000. Since $6,000 is larger than the allowable deviation, an investigation will take place. * Mater