传热Chapter 11.ppt

Chapter 11 Principles of heat flow in fluids Typical heat-exchange equipment Single-pass shell-and-tube condenser It consists essentially of a bundle of parallel tubes A, the ends of which are expanded into tube sheets B1 and B2. The tube is inside a cylindrical shell C and is provided with two channels D1 and D2, one at each end, and two channel covers E1 and E2. Steam and other vapor is introduced through nozzle F into the shell-side space surrounding the tubes, condensate is withdrawn through connection G, and any noncondensable gas that might enter with the inlet vapor is removed through vent K. connection G leads to a trap, which is a device that allows flow of liquid but holds back vapor. The fluid to be heated is pumped through connection H into channel D2. Double-tube heat exchanger It is assembled of standard metal pipe and standarized return bends and return heads. shown in Fig.11-3. Flash p229 and 339 One fluid flows through the inside pipe and second fluid through the annular space between the outside and inside pipes. Double-pipe exchanger are useful when not more than 9 to 14 m2 of surface is required. For larger capacities , more elaborate shell-and-tube exchangers, containing up to thousand of square meter of area, are used. Countercurrent and parallel-current flow The two fluids enter at different ends of the exchanger and pass in opposite directions through the unit. It is called counterflow or countercurrent flow. The temperature-length curves for this case is shown in Fig.11-4a If the two fluids enter at the same end of the exchanger and flow in the same direction to the other end, the flow is called parallel. The temperature -length curves for parallel flow are shown in Figure Single-pass shell-and-tube condenser For the vapor flowing in a condenser If the vapor entering the condenser shell is not superheated and the condensate leaving the condenser is not subcooled, the temperature throughout the shell-side of the c