chap.6.2.pptVIP

COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS WHAT IS COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS? Definition of Cognitive Linguistics Construal（识解） and Construal Operations Categorization （范畴化） Image Schemas （意象图式） Metaphor （隐喻） Metonymy （换喻/转喻） Blending theory（合成空间论） Definition of Cognitive Linguistics COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language.认知语言学是语言研究的全新方法，发轫于上世纪70年代，是对当时盛行的转换生成研究范式的反动，转换生成研究范式追求语言的自足性。 Cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world. 认知语言学是基于人类对世界的经验以及他们感知和概念化世界的方式。 Construal and Construal Operations CONSTRUAL is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc. 识解或诠释是一种用交替的方式对同一场景进行想象和描述的能力，这种能力是通过详细程度、不同的心理扫描、指向性、优势点、图形—背景分离等成分加以实现的。 Construal operations are conceptualizing processes used in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions. 识解操作是人类在语言处理过程中概念化的过程。或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本心理过程和心理来源。 (1) Attention / Salience（突显） The operation grouped under SALIENCE have to do with our direction of attention towards something that is salient to us. In perception, we can direct our attention towards parts of the perceived scenery. In that sense, we direct the attention towards the relevant concepts. Attention / salience relates to language, among other things, because we use certain linguistic expressions to provoke certain patterns of activation. (2) Judgment / Comparison The construal operations of judgment / comparison have to do with judging something by comparing it to something else. This is a very fundamental cognitive capacity and the cognitive operations of judgment are also very f