SS03-Class10_X-RayCT.pptVIP

2/20/2002 SUNY / Polytech - Biomedical Imaging I SS02 Biomedical Imaging I Class 10 – X-Ray Computed Tomography 4/16/03 X-ray computed tomography Limits of radiography / fluoroscopy 3D structures are collapsed into 2D image (obscuring of details, loss of one dimension) Low soft-tissue contrast Not quantitative Features of x-ray CT X-ray imaging modality (same principles of generation, interaction, detection) Generation of a sliced view of body interior Computed reconstruction of images Examples of CT images Principle of x-ray CT In one plane, obtain set of line integrals for multiple view angles Reconstruct cross-sectional views Scanner Design Realization of x-ray CT Mathematical basis for computed tomography by Radon (1917) Idea popularized by Allan Cormack at Tufts Univ. (1963) First practical x-ray CT scanner introduced by Godfrey Hounsfield of EMI Ltd., England (1972) First generation EMI Mark I (Hounsfield), “pencil beam” or parallel-beam scanner (highly collimated source) ? excellent scatter rejection, now outdated 180? - 240? rotation angle in steps of ~1 ? Used for the head 5-min scan time, 20-min reconstruction Original resolution: 80 ? 80 pixels (ea. 3 ? 3 mm2), 13-mm slice Second generation Hybrid system: Fan beam, linear detector array (~30 detectors) Translation and rotation Reduced number of view angles ? scan time ~30 s Slightly more complicated reconstruction algorithms because of fan-beam projection Third generation Wide fan beam covers entire object 500-700 detectors (ionization chamber or scintillation detector) No translation required ? scan time ~seconds (reduced dose, fewer motion artifacts) Reconstruction time ~seconds Pulsed source (reduces heat load radiation dose) Fourth generation Stationary detector ring (600 – 4800 scintillation detectors) Rotating x-ray tube (inside or outside detector ring) Scan time, reconstruction time ~seconds Source either inside detector ring or outside (rocking, nutating detectors) Comparison of 3rd and 4