Chapter3-4 2010.ppt

Chapter Three Morphology 3.1 Introduction of Morphology It refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Chairman chair man Sunflower sun flower Boys boy -s International inter- nation -al Checking check -ing 1. variable invariable words Desk desks hello can 2. grammatical words lexical words 连介冠代 名 动 形 副 function words content words 3. Closed class words open class words 连介冠代 名 动 形 副 3.2 open class closed class open class: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, we can add new words to it. Auxiliary verbs, belong to open, but in number they are limited. closed class: conjunction, preposition, article, pronoun, we can not add new words to this class. Prepositions, closed, but open in number (in spite of, by means of ~~~) (content words) (functional/grammatical words) 3.3 morpheme语素 The smallest meaningful unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content. bound morpheme (粘着语素) free morpheme derivational morpheme (派生语素) inflectional morpheme (屈折语素) [derivational affix inflectional affix] Bound morpheme: they cannot occur “unattached”, they must appear with at least another morpheme. In speaking, we seldom use bound morpheme alone. Free morpheme, can occur alone, i.e. They can constitute words by themselves. 3.4 Affix, Root, Stem 3.5 Inflectional and Derivational Inflectional morpheme: inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes (inflectional morpheme), such as number, person and case, which do not change grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached, and no new word would be created. Derivational morpheme: when they are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is derived, or formed. 3.6 morphological rules of word formation Productive morphological rules un- unimportan