电离辐射程序.ppt

Beta Decay No change in atomic mass; protons increase by 1. Consider a neutron as a proton embedded with an electron; net charge = 0. When the electron is ejected, a proton is created, thus increasing the atomic number. Decay Series Radioactive parent decays to a daughter which may also be radioactive, therefore, is also simultaneously decaying. Resulting exposure is to the combination of both decays (and possibly additional daughters). Radon daughters are an important example of series decay exposure in uranium mines and basements. Series Decay Note common formula structure. Calibration Source Introduction to Ionizing Radiation Bob Curtis OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center Supplement to Lecture Outline V. 10.02 Basic Model of a Neutral Atom Electrons(-) orbiting nucleus of protons(+) and neutrons. Same number of electrons as protons; net charge = 0. Atomic number (number of protons) determines element. Mass number (protons + neutrons) gives mass in terms of 1/12th mass of Carbon atom. Ionization vs. Excitation Excitation transfers enough energy to an orbital electron to displace it further away from the nucleus. In ionization the electron is removed, resulting in an ion pair. the newly freed electron(-) and the rest of the atom(+). Ionizing Radiation Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ion pairs by interaction with matter. Scope limited to X and gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles (electrons), neutrons, and charged nuclei. Important biologically since media can be altered (e.g., ionized atom in DNA molecule may be altered, thereby causing cell death, or mutation). Particulate vs. Electromagnetic Radiations Particulate Radiations are sub-atomic particles with mass (e.g., alpha and Beta particles, electrons, neutrons). EM Radiations (X-rays and gamma rays) have no mass and no charge. Electromagnetic Spectrum High vs. Low Energy Radiation Absorption of radiation is the process of transferring the energy of the r