聚类和树--微阵列及分子系统发育的分析—2.ppt

生物信息学 Molecular Evolution Outline Evolutionary Tree Reconstruction “Out of Africa” hypothesis Did we evolve from Neanderthals? Distance Based Phylogeny Neighbor Joining Algorithm Additive Phylogeny Least Squares Distance Phylogeny UPGMA Evolutionary Tree Reconstruction Early Evolutionary Studies Anatomical features were the dominant criteria used to derive evolutionary relationships between species since Darwin till early 1960s The evolutionary relationships derived from these relatively subjective observations were often inconclusive. Some of them were later proved incorrect Evolutionary Trees: DNA-based Approach 1960s: Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling brought reconstructing evolutionary relationships with DNA into the spotlight In the first few years after Zuckerkandl and Pauling proposed using DNA for evolutionary studies, the possibility of reconstructing evolutionary trees by DNA analysis was hotly debated Now it is a dominant approach to study evolution. Emile Zuckerkandl on human-gorilla evolutionary relationships: Gaylord Simpson vs. Emile Zuckerkandl: Who are closer? Human-Chimpanzee Split? Chimpanzee-Gorilla Split? Three-way Split? Evolution and DNA Analysis: the Giant Panda（大熊猫） Riddle For roughly 100 years scientists were unable to figure out which family the giant panda belongs to Giant pandas look like bears but have features that are unusual for bears and typical for raccoons（浣熊）, e.g., they do not hibernate In 1985, Steven O’Brien and colleagues solved the giant panda classification problem using DNA sequences and algorithms Evolutionary Tree of Bears and Raccoons Out of Africa Hypothesis Around the time the giant panda riddle was solved, a DNA-based reconstruction of the human evolutionary tree led to the Out of Africa Hypothesis that claims our most ancient ancestor lived in Africa roughly 200,000 years ago。 Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans The Origin of Humans: ”Out of Africa” vs Multiregional Hypothe