BasicResearchMethodsinPsychology-Faculty.pptVIP

* * * * * * * Since there are different t-distributions for different sample sizes, we must find tcrit from the appropriate t-distribution. Finding tcrit The appropriate t-distribution will be the one that matches our sample size, which we now call degrees of freedom (df). For the t-test, the degrees of freedom equals N-1, When N-1 is more than 120, the t-distribution is indistinguishable from a true normal distribution and thus use df=?. To find tcrit, use the t-table to find the t for the df that corresponds to your sample size (N-1) for the criterion (?) you have chosen. Finding tcrit (2-tailed) To find tcrit, use the t-table to find the t for the df that corresponds to your sample size (N-1) for the criterion (?) you have chosen. Finding tcrit (1-tailed) If tobt is less than tcrit (away from the area of rejection), then we will say that we “failed to reject the null hypothesis”. Interpreting tobt relative to tcrit We then report that our results were “not significant” or “nonsignificant” and report it like this: t (2) = 1.86, p .05 Modification of calculation when we compare means of two different samples What is the null? The alternative? 1. Quantitative data. 2. One or more categories. 3. Independent observations. 4. Adequate sample size (at least 10). 5. Simple random sample. 6. Data in frequency form. 7. All observations must be used Think of types of research questions that can be answered using this test Chi-Square Test Requirements How do you know the expected frequencies? You hypothesize that they are equal in each group (category) Prior knowledge, census data Category O E (O - E) (O - E)2 (O - E)2 /E yellow 35 30 5 25 0.83 red 50 45 5 25 0.56 green 30 15 15 225 15 blue 10 15 -5 25 1.67 white 25 45 -20 400 8.89 Color preference in a car dealership (univariate) Chi-square=26.95 With df=5-1=4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Hypothesis Testing: 1) believe that the relationship we found in our sample data is the same as the relatio