语篇分析.docVIP

语篇的衔接手段 cohesion and coherence 衔接与连贯 他们系统地将衔接分为五大类：照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。 其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类属于词汇衔接手段。 照应（reference）是一些起信号作用的词项。它们不能像大多数词项那样本身可作出语义理解，而只能通过照应别的词项来说明信息（Halliday Hasan, 1976:31）。照应分为外照应（exophora）和内照应（endophora）。内照应又可分为下照应（或称后照应）（anaphora）和上照应（或称前照应）（cataphora）。 外照应指独立于上下文之外的词项。内照应指意义依赖于上下文的词项。下照应（后照应）指意义依赖于前述词项的词项、上照应（前照应）指意义依赖于后述词项的词项。 The snail is considered a great delicacy. As the child grows, he learns to be independent. It never should have happened. She went out and left the door open. 替代（substitution）指用一个词项去代替另一个或几个词项，是词项之间的一种代替关系。英语中常用的替代词one(s), do, same。Halliday和Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。由于前述句子或上下文使得意义明确而省去句子的一部分称作为省略。它可以视为“零替代”（Halliday Hasan, 1976:142），省去一些上下文可使之意义明确的成分。 Compare the new dictionary with the old one(s). We rent a house, but they own one. A: Black coffee, please. B: The same for me. They do not buy drinks at the supermarket, but we do. I think so. ■ 省略Ellipsis He prefers Dutch cheese and I prefer Danish. ---Do you understand? ---I tried to. ---You haven’t told him yet. ---Not yet. 连接（conjunction）是句际间意义相互联系的一种衔接手段，常用的有递进、转折、因果、时间。词义衔接是实现衔接的又一手段。它是通过词义的选择来实现的。 I told him years ago, but he won’t listen. He was drowned because he fell off the pier. With the following conjunctions in sentences or passages: *英语逻辑关系表示法* 1. 先后或列举：first, second…; in the second place; nest/then; for one thing…for another…; furthermore/moreover/in addition/ besides;finally/last; and等。 2. 因果：consequently/ as a result/ hence/ accordingly/ thus/so/therefore; because/since/for等。 3.特例或举例：in particular; specifically; for instance/ for example; that is /namely等。 4.转折： But/however/yet/nevertheless; on the contrary; on the other hand; neither…nor等。 5.引出结论：in conclusion/finally/all in all/ to sum up；evidently/ clearly/ actually; of course等。 6. 表示频率：frequently/often; occasionally/ now and then; day after day; again and again等。 7. 表示阶段：during; briefly; for a long time; for many ye