《语言学导论》复习提纲.docVIP

《语言学导论》复习提纲 1、Terms recursiveness：It mainly means that a constituent can be embedded within（i.e.，be dominated by）another constituent having the same category，but it can be used to any means to extend any constituent. Together with openness，recursiveness is the core of creativity of language. For example，“I met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new”. duality：the structural organization of language into two abstract levels：meaningful units（e.g. words）and meaningless segments（e.g. sounds，letters）. compositionality：Compositionality refers to the principle that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined. Take，for example，the sentence“Socrates was a man”. Once the meaningful lexical items are taken away－“Socrates”and“man”－what is left is the pseudo-sentence，“S was a M”. ontological metaphors：Ontological metaphors mean that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events，activities，emotions，ideas，etc.，as entities and substances. Take the experience of rising prices as an example，which can be metaphorically viewed as an entity via the noun inflation. This gives us a way to refer to experiences：INFLATION IS AN ENTITY morpheme：Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning，a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning，such as boy and –s in boys，check and –ing in checking，dis-，appoint，and –ment in disappointment. Morphemes cannot be further analyzed. For instance，chair cannot be analyzed into ch and air because there is no relationship between the parts ch，air，and the whole chair. displacement：the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation. When a man，for example，is crying to a woman，about something，it might be som