Chap_13.pptVIP

The Costs of roduction生产成本 Chapter 13 13.1 WHAT ARE COSTS?什么是成本? According to the Law of Supply 根据供给规律: Firms are willing to produce and sell a greater quantity of a good when the price of the good is high.当一种物品价格高时，厂商愿意生产和销售的更多。 This results in a supply curve that slopes upward.这导致供给曲线向上倾斜。 The Firm’s Objective企业的目标 The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits.企业的经济目标是利润最大化 1 Total Revenue,Total Cost,and profit总收入、总成本与利润 Total Revenue 总收入 The amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output. 企业销售产品所得 Total Cost 总成本 The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production. 企业用于生产的投入要素的市场价值。 A Firm’s Profit 公司利润 Profit is the firm’s total revenue minus its total cost. Profit Total revenue - Total cost 利润＝总收入－总成本 2 Costs as Opportunity Costs A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services. Explicit and Implicit Costs A firm’s cost of production include explicit costs and implicit costs. Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm. Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm. 2 成本是机会成本 一个企业的生产成本包括生产物品与劳务量的所有机会成本。 显性成本和隐性成本 一个企业的生产成本包括显性成本与隐性成本。 显性成本— 要求企业直接支付货币的投入要素成本。 隐性成本—不要求企业支付货币的投入要素成本。 3 Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit经济利润与会计利润 Economists measure a firm’s economic profit as total revenue minus all the opportunity costs explicit and implicit . 经济学家计量企业的经济利润，即企业的总收益减去生产所销售物品和劳务的所有机会成本（显性的和隐性的）。 Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s total revenue minus only the firm’s explicit costs. In other words, they ignore the implicit costs. 会计师计量企业的会计利润，即企业的总收益减去企业的显性成本。 When total revenue exceeds both explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit. 当总收益大于显性成本和隐性成本时，企业赚取经济利润。 Economic profit is smaller than accounting profit. 经济利润小于会计利润。 （1）The Production Function 生产函数 The production function shows the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good an