封东来3-Lecture1CMPoverview概述.ppt

Many-Body Physics for the last two decades Strong Correlations Disorders Exotic States Novel Concepts Localization Mesoscopic Nanoscience, Quantum Information Spin Glasses Computational Complexity, Random Graphs, Optimization, Error correcting Coding …. * Quantum Hall Effect, Integer Fractional (1985, 1998 Nobel Prizes in Physics) Heavy Electron Physics High Temperature Superconductivity (1987 Nobel Prize in Physics) Quantum Criticality Colossal Magnetoresistance Cold atom many body physics Topological insulator…… New Exotic States 凝聚态物理学——封东来 * John Hertz (1976), Andrews Millis, Subir Sachdev State as a function of a control parameter g has a singularity at gc At the quantum critical point no quasiparticles No intrinsic energy scale (e.g. gap), only scale |g-gc| S. Sachdev Quantum Phase Transitions 凝聚态物理学——封东来 Novel Concepts * Breakdown of Fermi Liquid Theory Fractionalization of Quantum Numbers Quantum (Berry, et al.) Phases Strong Coulomb Repulsion, Constraints Spin-Charge Separation “Gauge Forces” Composite Fermions ……… 凝聚态物理学——封东来 MAIN CONCEPTUAL LINES , PARADIGM Point #5 凝聚态物理学——封东来 * 固体物理的范式 范式的特点 周期结构和波 德布罗意波 晶格（Born,黄昆) 电子 (Brillouin, Bloch） Anderson localization 无公度相，准晶 化学键和能带 过去相对独立的发展 量子化学、原子分子物理 固体物理 新现象和新问题的出现 纳米结构 关联体系 磁性体系 Kondo效应?重费米子体系?量子相变和临界现象 凝聚态物理学——封东来 * * R/d Model d R Valence electrons/electronic structure of molecules/solids ? properties; two extreme situations for open shell valence orbital R d, large overlap Have lost atomic identity Broad bands, Weak e-e interaction (U W) Low energy scale charge fluctuation Non-magnetic independent electron model s, p states, Na, Al, Mg, Zn ….. R d, little overlap Remain atomic, multiplets Narrow bands, Large e-e interaction (UW) Low energy scale spin fluctuation Magnetic, Hund’s Rule Tight binding model 3d, 4f states 凝聚态物理学——封东来 * What’s in between? : d - f open shell materials Increasing localization 4f Rare Earth 5f Actinide 3d Transition metal 凝聚