TheStructureofLanguageThestudyofphoneticsispartofthe.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Phonology and phonetics are not the same thing. Let’s start with an example we know something about. batter (as in baseball) /b???/ (abstract, underlying representation) [b???] (surface phonetic form) slashes brackets There are two distinct (autonomous) layers or language modules involved in the production of this word: (1) phonological (abstract) layer or underlying representation, or phonemic layer) – abstract representation in your head – e.g., you “think” of the medial sound in “batter” as a /t/. (2) phonetic layer or surface phonetic form – the sounds that are actually spoken ([?] in the example). /b?t?/ Phonological Rules [b???] Rule /t,d/ ? [?] when intervocalic, (betw two vowels) but only when the 2nd vowel is unstressed Translation: /t/ /d/ are pronounced as a flap when they occur between two vowels and when the 2nd vowel is unstressed (weak). phonemic (phonological, linguistic, underlying representation) phonetic (surface phonetic form) Phonology and phonetics are not the same thing; for example, note the /p/ in the following: [thɑp] (released) [thɑp|] (unreleased) [phɑt] (aspirated) [spɑt] (unaspirated) These realizations are phonetically distinct but phonemically/phonologically/linguistically equivalent; i.e., they are members of the same broad phonemic category /p/. Released and unreleased /p/: allophones or allophonic variants. Aspirated and unaspirated /p/ are allophones or allophonic variants. Other examples: /g/: “geese” vs. “gone” /t/: “tap” “kitten” “button” “eighth” “fatty” The /g/ of “geese” and the /g/ of “gone” are allophones: Same phonemic/phonological/linguistic category; different phonetic realizations of the category. Compare /l/ of “Lee” vs. “law”. These distinctions va