年代学2013-01c汇编.ppt

* Plutonium – artificial element Radium-226 ? Radon-222 alpha-particles are mono-energetic but they can have different energies, as in the case of Ra-226 nucleus is left excited and emits gamma-rays – these rays transfer energy to an orbital electron * * C-14 and N-14 have integral vollst?ndig spin but beta particle has ? quantum spin unit Anti-neutrino with ? spin to conserve angular momentum Neutrinos: +/- massless particles * * * ec has same effect as beta-plus decay Electron is added to the nucleus to produce a nucleus with less mass than the parent!! Missing mass is carried by escaping neutrino or gamma ray * Gamma ray high energy photon Gamma decay emission of electromagnetic radiation No. of nucleons does not change in this process * If 3rd dimension –- energy of the nucleus –- we would see that the stability region forms an energy valley Alpha-decay moves the nucleus down the valley axes Beta-decay moves the nucleus down the walls towards the valley axes Black trajectory is called the valley of stability * * Rate of decay of a radioactive parent isotopes is directly proportional to the number of atoms of that isotope Who many atoms will decay in a certain time depends on the no. of atoms present After 1 half life, 1/2 of the K atoms are still K atoms. After 2 half lives, 1/4 of the K atoms are still K atoms… Half-lives are not affected by temperature, pressure, or chemical composition. Exact life time of a nucleus cannot be predicted but the avg. lifetime of a sample containing many nuclei * * * * * * * * Boltwood studied radioactive series, and found that lead was always present in uranium and thorium ores. He believed that lead must be the final product of the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. A few years later, in 1907, he reasoned that since he knew the rate at which uranium breaks down its half-life , he could use the proportion of lead in the uranium ores as a kind of meter or clock. His observations and calculations put Earths a