ChapterThree胡壮麟语言学.doc

Chapter Three Morphology I. Word 1 The definition of Word 2 Three senses of “WORD” 3 Identification of Words 4 Classification of Words II. Morphology ▲★ 1 The definition of morphology 2 The basic unit of morphology ---- Morpheme 2.1 The definition of morpheme 2.2 Types of morpheme 2.3 Morpheme, phoneme, sememe, morph, allomorph 3 Classification of morphology III. Lexical change ▲ 1. Lexical change proper 2. Lexical change aspects 2.1 Phonological change 2.2 Morphosyntactic change 2.3 Semantic change 2.4 Orthographic change IV. Exercises to Chapter Three I. Word 1 The definition of Word A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. 2 Three senses of “WORD” 1) A physical unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks Phonological: [it iz ˊw?nd?ful] Orthographic: It is wonderful. 2)Word both as a general term and as a specific term walk, walks, walking, walked a general term: a specific term: 3) A grammatical unit: sentence( clause( phrase/word group( word( morpheme 3 Identification of Words 1) Stability chairman but not *manchair 2) Relative uninterruptibility: disappointment *disinterestappointment. 3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly. Hi. Wonderful. ---- Which letter is missed out in “thng”. ---- I. 4 Classification of Words 1)Variable vs. Invariable Words Variable words: write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats. Invariable words: since, when, seldom, through, etc. 2)Grammatical vs. Lexical Words Grammatical/Function words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns. Lexical/Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. 3)Closed-class vs. Open-class Words Closed-class words: New members cannot normally be added, eg pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliaries. Open-class words: New members can be a