嵌入式系统 中学 地科 复习资料.docVIP

简述计算机系统的硬件构成及工作原理。 A computer often have a processor, memory,and often several forms of input and output. The processor is the hardware that executes the computer programs. The computer also has memory, often several different types in one system. The memory is used to store programs while the processor is running them, as well as store the data that the programs are manipulating. ⑴计算机硬件由五个基本部分组成：运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备。 ⑵计算机内部采用二进制来表示程序和数据。? ⑶采用“存储程序”的方式，将程序和数据放入同一个存储器中（内存储器），计算机能够自动高速地从存储器中取出指令加以执行。 首先，把表示计算步骤的程序和计算中需要的原始数据，在控制器输入命令的控制下，通过输入设备送入计算机的存储器存储。其次当计算开始时，在取指令作用下把程序指令逐条送入控制器。控制器对指令进行译码，并根据指令的操作要求向存储器和运算器发出存储、取数命令和运算命令，经过运算器计算并把结果存放在存储器内。在控制器的取数和输出命令作用下，通过输出设备输出计算结果。 Describe the procedure of interrupt. When an interrupt occurs, the usual procedure is for the processor to save its state by pushing its registers and program counter onto the stack. The processor then loads an interrupt vector into the program counter. The interrupt vector is the address at which an interrupt service routine (ISR) lies. Thus, loading the vector into the program counter causes the processor to begin execution of the ISR, performing whatever service the interrupting device required. The last instruction of an ISR is always a Return from Interrupt instruction. This causes the processor to reload its saved state (registers and program counter) from the stack and resume its original program. What is the advantages of RISC? RISC processors have a number of distinguishing characteristics. They have large register sets, thereby reducing the number of times the processor must access main memory. RISC processors have fast instruction execution, and this also reduces the size and power consumption of the processing unit. RISC processors also often have pipelined instruction execution. This means that while one instruction is being executed, the next instruction in the sequence is being decoded, while the third one is being fetched. RISC processors are becoming widely used, particularl