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第十九章 基因工程 Chapter 19 Gene Engineering 第一节 绪论 Section 1 Introduction DNA含有4种杂环碱基：嘌呤类有腺嘌呤（A）和鸟嘌呤（G），嘧啶类有胞嘧啶（C）和胸腺嘧啶（T）；而在RNA中尿嘧啶（U）替代了结构非常相似的胸腺嘧啶。 In DNA, there are four heterocyclic bases: adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines; cytosine (C) and thymine (T) are pyrimidines. In RNA, thymine is replaced by the structurally very similar pyrimidine, uracil (U). 核苷由碱基共价结合于戊糖分子的1’位而构成。RNA中的戊糖为核糖，构成核糖核苷或简称核苷；而在DNA中戊糖为2’—脱氧核糖，形成2’—脱氧核糖核苷或简称脱氧核苷。碱基+糖分子=核苷。 A nucleoside consists of a base covalently bonded to the 1’-position of a pentose sugar molecule. In RNA the sugar is ribose and the compounds are ribonucleosides, or just nucleosides,whereas in DNA it is 2’-deoxyribose,and the nucleosides are named 2’-deoxyribonucleosides,or just deoxynucleosides. Base+sugar=nucleoside. DNA分子通常以双螺旋形式存在。两条独立的反向平行的单链DNA分子以右手螺旋方式相互缠绕，糖-磷酸骨架在外，靠氢键和堆积力相互配对的碱基在内。腺嘌呤（A）与胸腺嘧啶（T）配对，鸟嘌呤（G）与胞嘧啶（C）配对。两条链是互补的，一条链决定了另一条链的序列。 DNA most commonly occurs as a double helix. Two separate and antiparallel chains of DNA are wound around each other in a right-handed helical (coiled) path, with the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and the bases, paired by hydrogen bonding and stacked on each other, on the inside. Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine. The two chains are complementary; one specifies the sequence of the other. 可移动遗传因子 mobile genetic element ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( *基因 gene ((((((( *基因作用 gene action (((((((((((((((( 基因激活 gene activation (((((((((((((((((((((( 基因活性 gene activity ((((((((((((((((((( *基因簇 gene cluster ((((((((((((((((( *基因座 gene locus ((((((((((((((((( *基因操作 gene manipulation ((((((((((((((((((((((((( *基因标签 gene tag ((((((((((((( 基因寻靶 gene targeting ((((((((((((((((((( *遗传图 genetic map (((((((((((((((( *基因拷贝 gene copy ((((((((((((((( *基因克隆 gene cloning ((((((((((((((((( *基因含量 gene content (((((((((((((((((( *基因表达 gene expression (((((((((((((((((((( *基因表达系统 gene expression system (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 基