TheRoleofGrazersinControllingtheAmountofP及答案.docVIP

The Role of Grazers in Controlling the Amount of Planktonic Algae in Lakes 食草动物在控制湖泊中浮游藻类数量的作用 Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton浮游动物 in controlling the amount of planktonic algae 浮游藻类(phytoplankton浮游植物或群落) in lakes. The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal海藻的 and zooplankton浮游动物 numbers. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae。The converse相反的 observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton浮游植物 concentration, led Hardy 哈迪to propose his principle of animal exclusion排斥，排除, which hypothesized that phytoplankton浮游植物 produced a repellent 杀虫剂that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing. Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton微型浮游生物) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis降低重要性，不予强调 of the role of grazers in subsequent research. Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund伦德, Round, and Reynolds雷诺兹, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers.These environmental factors were amenable 有责任的，应服从的，经得起检验的to field monitoring 实地检测and to simulation模拟 in the laboratory. Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics. The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically. Studies by Hargrave