askelandphulenotes-2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding.ppt

The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4th edDonald R. Askeland – Pradeep P. Phulé Chapter 2 – Atomic Structure Objectives of Chapter 2 The goal of this chapter is to describe the underlying physical concepts related to the structure of matter. To examine the relationships between structure of atoms-bonds-properties of engineering materials. Learn about different levels of structure i.e. atomic structure, nanostructure, microstructure, and macrostructure. Chapter Outline 2.1 The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance 2.2 The Structure of the Atom 2.3 The Electronic Structure of the Atom 2.4 The Periodic Table 2.5 Atomic Bonding 2.6 Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing Nanotechnology Micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) systems-Airbag sensors Nanostructures Level of Structure Example of Technologies Nanostructure Nano-sized particles of iron oxide – ferrofluids Microstructure Mechanical strength of metals and alloys Macrostructure Paints for automobiles for corrosion resistance Quantum numbers are the numbers that assign electrons in an atom to discrete energy levels. A quantum shell is a set of fixed energy levels to which electrons belong. Pauli exclusion principle specifies that no more than two electrons in a material can have the same energy. The two electrons have opposite magnetic spins. The valence of an atom is the number of electrons in an atom that participate in bonding or chemical reactions. Electronegativity describes the tendency of an atom to gain an electron. III-V semiconductor is a semiconductor that is based on group 3A and 5B elements (e.g. GaAs). II-VI semiconductor is a semiconductor that is based on group 2B and 6B elements (e.g. CdSe). Transition elements are the elements whose electronic configurations are such that their inner “d” and “f” levels begin to fill up. Electropositive element is an element whose atoms want to participate in chemical interactions by donating electrons and are therefore high