syllabus of CHEM IGCSE.docVIP

1. The particulate nature of matter ? Describe the states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory In solid particles only vibrate about fixed positions, regular structure. In liquid particles have some freedom and can move around each other, collide often. In gas particles move freely and at random in all the space available, collide less often than in liquid. The heat energy causes particles vibrate faster as they gain energy and push their neighboring particles further away from themselves, the forces of attraction weakens. The regular pattern of the structure breaks down and the particles can now move around each other, the solid has melted. If the liquid is heated the particles will move around even faster as their average energy increases, some particles at the surface of the liquid have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between themselves and other particles in the liquid and they escape to form a gas. When a gas is cooled the average energy of the particles decreases and the particles move closer together, the forces of attraction between the particles now become significant and cause the gas to condense into a liquid. ? Describe dependence of rate of diffusion on molecular mass (treated qualitatively) Heavier particles move more slowly than lighter ones at a given temperature. ? Describe and explain diffusion The spreading out of a gas is called diffusion. The collisions are taking place between particles in a liquid or a gas and that there is sufficient space between the particles of one substance for the particles of the other substance for the particles of the other substance to move into. ?Describe evidence for the movement of particles in gases and liquids (a treatment of Brownian motion is not required) Bromine fumes (brown red), nickel (II) sulphate (green) ? 2. Experimental techniques 2.1 Measurement ? Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, inc