TOEFL 阅读强化讲义.docVIP

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TOEFL 阅读强化讲义

Factual information and negative factual information questions According to paragraph 3, displacement is Internally directed aggression a modeled type of aggression aggression that is unintentional aggression that is directed outward An ethologist would be most likely to study learned catharsis in a certain species of monkey the evolution of certain type of fish the bone structure of a certain type of dinosaur the manner in which a certain male lion fights other male lions Numerous theories are based on the ideas that aggression is an inherent and natural human instinct. Aggression has been explained as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement, and it has been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a process called catharsis. Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. A number of ethologists have, based upon their observations of animals, supported the view that aggression is an innate instinct common to humans. In paragraph 1, the author explains the concept of energy expenditure by identifying types of organisms that became extinct comparing the scientific concept to a familiar human experience arguing that most organisms conserve rather than expend energy describing the process of growth, reproduction , and metabolism Growth, reproduction and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one’s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way

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