19circulatory高血压治疗进展.pptVIP

Cardiovascular disease Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis deposits inside arteries (plaques) develop in inner wall of the arteries, narrowing their channel increase blood pressure increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage normal artery hardening of arteries Cardiovascular health bypass surgery Risk Factors genetics diet high animal fat exercise lifestyle smoking lack of exercise Heart Disease Heart disease death rates 1996-2002Adults ages 35 and older Women Heart Disease Heart disease is 3rd leading cause of death among women aged 25–44 years 2nd leading cause of death among women aged 45–64 years. Risk factors Smoking Lack of exercise High fat diet Overweight Death rates for heart disease per 100,000 women, 2002 2008-2009 Have a heart?Ask Questions!! * Take a look at a skeleton and see how well a heart is protected —?open heart surgery takes breaking a body to get to the heart. * * A powerful four–chambered heart was an essential adaptation in support of the endothermic way of life characteristic of mammals and birds. Endotherms use about ten times as much energy as equal–sized ectotherms; therefore, their circulatory systems need to deliver about ten times as much fuel and O2 to their tissues (and remove ten times as much CO2 and other wastes). This large traffic of substances is made possible by separate and independent systemic and pulmonary circulations and by large, powerful hearts that pump the necessary volume of blood. Mammals and birds descended from different reptilian ancestors, and their four–chambered hearts evolved independently—an example of convergent evolution. Why is it an advantage to get big? Herbivore: can eat more with bigger gut. lowers predation (but will push predators to get bigger as well, although no one east elephant s.) * * * The cardiac cycle. For an adult human at rest with a pulse of about 75 beats per minute, one complete cardiac cycle takes about 0.8 second. During a relaxation phase (atria and ventricle