best pratice recommendations.docVIP

Best practice recommendations 1. Use full monolithic integral abutments as far as possible. 尽可能利用整体浇注的整体式桥梁。 2. Use single row of steel H-piles and orient piles for weak axis bending wherever possible. For large movements, piles can be installed in permanent steel casings. Due to concerns of compaction of loose fill material over time, it is preferable to leave the casing voided unless a suitable elastic fill material can be identified. Steel casing should be designed to last the same life as the bridge, and an appropriate sacrificial corrosion thickness should be allowed for in the pile section. Embed H-piles at least two pile sizes into the abutment seat. Use the smallest pile section permitted for drivability and strength. 利用单排H型钢桩和orient桩抵消任何存在的轴向微小弯曲变形。对于大的移动，桩可以安装在耐久的钢套管上。由于考虑到随着时间的过去很难将松散的填充材料压实，更可取的是让钢套管空着除非有一种合适的弹性填充材料被发现。钢套管应该被设计成和桥梁一样的寿命，并且在桩的截面上允许有适当厚度的腐蚀。埋置在桥台座里面的H型钢桩至少是普通桩的两倍大小。利用小截面的桩它需要有足够的强度。 3. Use steel H-piles for maximum ductility and flexibility in cyclical bending. Stiff steel pipe orconcrete piles are not recommended. 利用H型钢桩在循环弯曲下最大的延展性和柔韧性，坚硬的钢桩和混凝土桩是不被推荐的。 4. Make abutment seat, wing walls and approach slab as small as possible to minimize the amount of structure and earth that have to move with the abutment during thermal movements of the superstucture. Use turned-back cantilevered wing walls parallel to the roadway. Where necessary, steepen slopes locally to reduce wingwall length. Use shallow superstructure or tapered end span where possible. 为了使结构和土（在温度变化上部结构移动时和桥台一起移动的土）的大小最小，把桥台座、耳墙和桥头搭板做的尽可能小。利用悬挂的、可以转动的平行于路线的耳墙。在需要的时候，局部利用陡坡减短耳墙长度。在可能的时候可以利用矮的上部结构或者渐变的跨径。 5. The approach slab should preferably be the same length or longer than the wing walls such that the cycle control joint is located beyond the end of the wing walls. The length of the wing walls should be kept as short as possible. Settlement due to sub-soil conditions should be reduced or eliminated by surcharging or pre-building the headslope. Where necessary, considerat