Chapter2 BasicPsychologyNeededforInterfaceDesign.pptVIP

User Interface Design and Evaluation Chapter 2 Basic Psychology Needed for Interface Design Contents 2.1 Human Information Processing 2.2 The Human Eye 2.3 Attention 2.4 Cognitive Processing 2.5 Motor Processing 2.1 Human Information Processing How to process information? Memory properties Encoding: type of things stored Size: number of things stored Decay time: how long memory lasts Short-Term Sensory Store Visual information store Encoded as physical image Size ~17 [7-17]bits Decay ~200ms [70-1000 ms] Auditory information store Encoded as physical sound Size ~[4.4-6.2] bits Decay ~1500 [900-3500ms] Working Memory (WM) Small capacity: 7±2 “chunks” Fast decay (7 [5-226] sec) Maintenance rehearsal fends off decay Interference causes faster decay Long-term Memory (LTM) Huge capacity Little decay Elaborative rehearsal moves chunks from WM to LTM by making connections with other chunks Processors Processors have a cycle time Tp ~ 100ms [50-200ms] Tc ~ 70ms [30-100ms] Tm ~ 70ms [25-170ms] Fastman may be 10× faster than slowman Perceptual Fusion Two stimuli within the same PP cycle (Tp ~ 100ms) appear fused Consequences 1/ Tp frames/sec is enough to perceive a moving picture (10 fps OK, 20 fps smooth) Computer response Tp feels instantaneous Causality is strongly influenced by fusion Bottom-up vs. Top-Down Perception Bottom-up uses features of stimulus Top-down uses context Temporal, spatial Draws on long-term memory Chunking “Chunk”: unit of perception or memory Chunking depends on presentation and what you already know T H E C A T R A N U P T H E T R E E ETH ECA TRA NUP THE TRE THE CAT RAN UP THE TREE 3-4digit chunking is ideal for encoding unrelated digits 2.2 The Human Eye Photoreceptors Rods（视杆） Only one kind (peak response in green wavelengths) Sensitive to low light (“scotopic vision”) Multiple nearby rods aggregated into a single nerve signal Saturated at moderate light intensity (“photopic vision”) Cones do most of the vision under photopic