International Trade(2010-7).pptVIP

Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers 7.1 The tariff concept Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers 7.2.2 Effect of a Tariff on consumer and Producer Surplus consumer surplus is difference between what consumers would be willing to pay for each unit of the commodity and what they actually pay Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers ERP signifies the total increase in domestic productive activities (value added) that an existing tariff structure makes possible, compared with what would occur under free-trade conditions. Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers 有效保护率概念的应用 有效保护比名义关税更真实地反映了一国贸易壁垒对本国工业的实际保护效果。 这种“升级式”的关税结构使得产品的有效保护率大大高于名义保护率。这种关税结构，不仅保护效果惊人，而且比提高名义关税的方法要隐蔽得多，不易被人察觉。另外，由于保护程度随产业而提高，“升级式”的这种关税结构又起到促进产业结构优化的作用。 [案例]随着国内加工程度加深关税税率不断上升 美、欧盟、日本具有相同的保护模式：对初级产品免税或只征很低的的关税，对半成品征收较高的关税，对最终产品进口征收更高的关税。这样一个瀑布式的关税结构的结果是：国内加工程度越深，有效保护率超出名义关税率的比率就越大。 Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers Chapter 7 Trade Restrictions: Tariff Barriers * * 7.1.1 definition A tariff is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area. Import tariff, which is a tax levied on an imported product. Export tariff, which is a tax imposed on an exported product. 7.1.2 purposes Protective tariff is designed to insulate import-competing producers from foreign competition. Revenue tariff is imposed for the purpose of generating tax revenues and may be placed on both exports and imports. 7.1.3 Means of Collecting Tariffs specific tariff a fixed amount of money per physical unit of the imported product. ad valorem tariff a fixed percentage of the value of the imported product. compound tariff 7.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff a small nation i