lipids (Ch. 11).pptVIP

5.4 Vitamins A, D, E, K are all isoprenoid（类异戊二烯(的)） compounds synthesized by the condensation of isoprene units (also precursors of sterols). 5.4.1 Vitamin A (retinol) is usually derived from b-carotenoids, light-absorbing pigments existing in many yellow-colored plants (like carrots, sweet potatoes). 5.4.2 Vitamin A (11-trans-retinol) is the precursor of 11-cis-retinal, an essential pigment for vision (the cofactor of rhodopsin（视紫质, 视网膜紫质）). 5.4.3 Vitamin D is derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol（脱氢胆甾醇）in the skin by irradiation. 5.4.4 Vitamin D is the precursor of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a hormone regulating the uptake of calcium and phosphate (in what forms from where, kidney, intestine, bone). 5.4.5 Vitamin D deficiency in children produces rickets (resulting from inadequate calcification of cartilage and bone). 5.4.6 Vitamin E (also called tocopherols) contain a substituted aromatic ring and a long hydrocarbon side chain. 5.4.7 Vitamin E was first recognized as an compound that prevented sterility in rats. 5.4.8 The function of vitamin E is still not clear, but is believed to act as an antioxidant to prevent peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 5.4.9 Vitamin K is a quinone（醌，苯醌） needed for blood clotting. 5.4.10 Vitamin K acts as a cofactor in converting Glu residues into g-carboxylglutamate in prothrombin（凝血素）, modifications making prothrombin a much stronger Ca2+ chelator（螯合剂）. 5.4.11 Binding of Ca2+ helps the proteolytic（ (分)解蛋白的,蛋白水解的） activation of prothrombin into thrombin（凝血酶）, which converts fibrinogen（纤维蛋白原） into fibrin（ (血)纤维蛋白, (血)纤维） which forms blood blots. 5.4.12 George Wald share the 1967 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology for his studies on vitamin A. 5.4.13 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the cholesterol derived from vitamin D3. 5.4.14 Henrik Dam and Edward A. Doisy won the 1943 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology for their studies on vitamin K. Vitami