大学物理 Lecture2 Straight -Line Motion.pptVIP

* Classical Mechanics: Mechanics: the science of motion and its cause Kinematics: a description of motion Classical: Not too fast (v c) Not too small (d atom) Most everyday situations can be described in these terms. -Path of baseball -Orbit of planets -etc... Dynamics: the study of the cause of motion A particle is anything whose geometric size is ignored . electrons, atoms, balls, cars the earth A Reference Frame is the place you measure from. It’s where you nail down your (x,y,z) axes! Chapter 2 Straight –Line Motion Main Points of Chapter 2 Displacement Speed and Velocity Acceleration Integration and Motion in One Dimension Motion with Constant Acceleration Freely Falling Objects 2-1 Displacement In 1-D, we usually write position vector as x o Displacement in a time interval t = t2 - t1 is x o Displacement is a vector, points from initial position to final position. Net displacement: straight-line between initial position and final position For a round trip, net displacement is zero Since it’s in 1-D, we can omit the unit vector, but the sign is important Graph of distance vs. time in 100-m dash: Gives location at any time. Displacement is change in position. 2-2 Speed and Velocity Speed As time interval becomes shorter and shorter without limit, average speed becomes instantaneous speed: the rate at which distance changes with time Velocity The average velocity is calculated from the total displacement and points from the initial to the final position t x t1 t2 ??x ??t x1 x2 In graph of position vs. time, the magnitude of average velocity with the sign is the slope of the straight line that joins the initial and final points x (m) t(s) 4 3 -3 Position at t=3.0, x(3) = Displacement between t=1.0 and t=5.0. Dx = Average velocity between t=1.0 and t=5.0. vav = 1.0 m -1.0 m -0.25 m/s 1.0 m - 2.0 m = -1.0 m -1.0 m / 4 .0s = -