第38届ICHO理论试题(中文版)答案.docVIP

1-1. The mass of a water droplet: m = V ρ = [(4/3) π r3] ρ = (4/3) π (0.5x10-6 m)3 (1.0 g/cm3) = 5.2x10-16 kg ( 10 marks Average kinetic energy at 27oC: ???????? KE = mv2/2 = (5.2x10-16 kg) (0.51x10-2 m/s)2/2 = 6.9x10-21 kg m2/s2 = 6.9 x10-21 J ( 15 marks 1.21-2. The average kinetic energy of an argon atom is the same as that of a water droplet. KE becomes zero at –273 oC. From the linear relationship in the figure, KE = aT (absolute temperature) where a is the increase in kinetic energy of an argon atom per degree. a = KE/T = 6.9x10-21 J/(27+273K) = 2.3x10-23 J/K ( 25 marks S: specific heat of argon N: number of atoms in 1g of argon S = 0.31 J/g K = a x N N = S/a = (0.31 J/g K) / (2.3x10-23 J/K) = 1.4x1022 ( 30 marks Avogadro’s number (NA) : Number of argon atoms in 40 g of argon NA = (40)(1.4x1022) = 5.6 x1023 ( 20 marks 2-1. ( 30 marks mass of a typical star = (4/3)(3.1)(7x108 m)3(1.4 g/10-6 m3) = 2×1033 g mass of protons of a typical star = (2×1033 g)(3/4 + 1/8) = 1.8×1033 g number of protons of a typical star = (1.8×1033 g)(6×1023/g) = 1×1057 number of stellar protons in the universe = (1×1057)(1023) = 1×1080 Partial credits on principles: Volume = (4/3)(3.14)radius3×density; 4 marks 1 mole = 6×1023; 4 marks Total number of protons in the universe = number of protons in a star ×1023; 2 marks Mass fraction of protons from hydrogen = (3/4)(1/1); 5 marks Mass fraction of protons from helium = (1/4)(2/4); 10 marks 2-2.