7.人类衰老的基础生物学概要.ppt

Topic Slide * Topic Slide * 问题 1 下列哪个陈述是正确的? 热量限制已被一致认为可以延长小鼠的寿命 动物研究已经证实热量限制对生育能力的积极影响 热量限制的啮齿动物,非人类的灵长类动物和人类的空腹胰岛素水平较低，体温也较低 与不限制进食的对照组小鼠相比，限制热量的小鼠存活时间更长，更为健康，生殖力更强。 问题 1 下列哪个陈述是正确的? 热量限制已被一致认为可以延长小鼠的寿命 动物研究已经证实热量限制对生育能力的积极影响 热量限制的啮齿动物,非人类的灵长类动物和人类的空腹胰岛素水平较低，体温也较低 与不限制进食的对照组小鼠相比，限制热量的小鼠存活时间更长，更为健康，生殖力更强。 下列哪个陈述是正确的? 小鼠和矮苍蝇中，能够降低胰岛素或IGF-1通路活性的突变，可能缩短其寿命 低表达的IGF-1受体等位基因在更为年老的个体中表达较低 低垂体后叶素的侏儒小鼠比相应的野生型对照组小鼠活的更长 未治疗的孤立性GH缺乏的个体要比其未受累的兄弟姐妹寿命更长 问题 2 下列哪个陈述是正确的? 小鼠和矮苍蝇中，能够降低胰岛素或IGF-1通路活性的突变，可能缩短其寿命 低表达的IGF-1受体等位基因在更为年老的个体中表达较低 低垂体后叶素的侏儒小鼠比相应的野生型对照组小鼠活的更长 未治疗的孤立性GH缺乏的个体要比其未受累的兄弟姐妹寿命更长 问题 2 * * * * Allostatic response includes changes in cortisol, epinephrine, and cytokines that are adaptive in the short run but may be harmful if prolonged. Allostatic load refers to the effects of prolonged or overactive allostatic response. A possible example of allostatic load is the putative relationship between the subtle increase in cortisol levels seen in many older people and hippocampal damage and memory loss. Conversely, it has been hypothesized that brief or recurrent exposures to stress such that specific signaling pathways and gene expressions are stimulated may be beneficial and ultimately promote longevity of an organism. This phenomenon is known as hormesis and is likely to be found occurring alongside examples of allostatic load. Hormesis has been observed in a variety of organisms (yeast, flies, worms, rodents) and in human cells in vitro. Examples of homeostenosis include decreased ability to manage fluid and electrolyte derangements, including diminished thirst perception, decreased glomerular filtration, and changes in the renin-aldosterone system, urinary concentrating, and dilutional capacity. * Key observations in support of the oxidative stress theory of aging: Free-radical damage to lipids, protein, and DNA has been found in aging heart, liver, and kidney tissue. Short-lived species accumulate this damage quickly. Transgenic animal mo