绿色化学课件概要.ppt

1: It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.2: Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.3: Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. 4: Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity 5: The use of auxiliary substances(e.g. solvents, separation agents) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used. 6: Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economical impacts and should be minimized. 7: A raw material or feed stock should be renewable rather than depleting, wherever technically and economically practicable.8: Unnecessary derivations should be avoided whenever possible. 9: Catalytic reagent (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents 10: Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products. 11: Analytical methodologies need to be developed to allow for real time, in-process monitoring, and control prior to the formation of hazardous subatances. 12: Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen so as to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires. 现在，生物质作为能源和化学产品的原料又再次受到关注。 生物质（biomass）是理想的石油品替代原料。生物质包括农作物、植物及其他任何通过光合作用生成的物质。由于其含有较多的氧元素，在产品制造中可以避免或减少氧化步骤的污染。 生物质作为可再生的原料具有明显的优点： 1 可代替石油。 2 生物质中含有一定量氧可减少或避免以石油作原料时的加氧反应带来的环境污染问题。 3 生物质的利用有利于开发新的合成反应和化学品。 4 生物质燃烧时不会向大气排放更多的二氧化碳。 三、绿色溶剂 1 超临界流体 (supercritical fluids, SCF) 一些物质在超临界条件下，其物理化学性质介于气体和液体之间，兼具两种状态的特点。如具有与液体相近的溶解能力和传热系数，又具有与气体相近的粘度系数和扩散系数，即具有气体和液体的双重特点。 超临界二氧化碳就是典型且广泛应用的一种。处于临界状态（tc=31.1℃, pc=7.3