教學與科技歷史軌跡中的理想與現實.ppt

1945 1997in The Atlantic Monthly As We May Think, 1945 By Dr. Vannevar Bush (Father of multimedia) Scientific research for war? Inventions have extended mans physical powers rather than the powers of his mind. Computer Delusion, 1997 By Todd Oppenheimer Questioning investment in computers in schools Father of MultimediaDr. Vannevar Bush Computer DelusionTodd Opennheimer What were the visions? 先來想像一下、、、 Classroom as theater (Slides,16mm) Teaching machine (TV) Interactive and Fun (Multimedia) Individualized with no boundary (Hypermedia) … Classroom as Theatre Teaching Machine Television as Teaching Machine Teaching Machine Seymour Papert School’s Out 高互動教室 No Significant Difference Compiled by Thomas L. Russell, 1999 Foreword by Richard E. Clark 355 research reports, summaries and papers Technology and Distance/Self learning Richard E. Clark 台灣的發展 1976 淡江大學 大一英文CAI 1986 台北西松國中 英文CAI實驗教學 1990 TANET 1998 擴大內需方案 2000 亞卓市EduCities 2002 eLearning … 科技決定論？Technological Determinism Is this the model you envision? Alternative perspectives? Hard Sphere vs. Soft Sphere Hot Media vs. Cold Media The End of Education (Postman, 1995) 非關教育,很久以前的願景… Started with A Question What Research Has to Say? John Cradler (1996) 1990-1994 Summary Thomas C. Reeves (1998) Learning “from” and “with” technology John Schacter (1999) Analysis of 5 large studies (meta-analysis), additionally 2 smaller studies using newer technologies John Cradler, 1996 Student Outcomes Effectiveness of technology tends vary as a function of curriculum content and instructional strategy delivered by technology Educator outcomes Benefits of technology for teaching is generally positive with a shift from the more traditional directive to a more student-centered approach Development factors Particular features of technology-based resources are critical for effective application; e.g., instant feedback, correctness of responses, individualized problem solving, built-in assessment Thomas C. Reeves, 1998 Learn