暴露生物标志物--英解释.docVIP

/pesticides/science/biomarker.html#exposure Defining Biomarkers Biomarkers are measurable substances or characteristics in the human body that can be used to monitor the presence of a chemical in the body, biological responses, or adverse health effects. The use of biomarkers will help us evaluate potential exposures to pesticides as well as predict effects that may result, allowing us to make decisions that are more protective of human health. Biomarkers are commonly grouped into biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility. This Web page describes these groups of biomarkers and provides examples. On this page: Biomarkers of Exposure Biomarkers of Exposure Categories Biomarkers of Effect Biomarkers of Effect Categories Biomarkers of Susceptibility Biomarkers of Exposure Biomarkers of exposure are used to assess the amount of a chemical that is present within the body. Many chemicals can be measured in urine, blood, saliva, and, if they are fat soluble, in body fat and breast milk (e.g., DDT). Biomarkers of exposure provide information on chemical exposures in individuals, changes in levels over time, and variability among different populations. They may also provide information on the relative importance of different exposure pathways and associated risk. It is important to note that the measurement of a chemical in someone’s body does not by itself mean that chemical has caused adverse health effects. Additionally, there are a number of uses related to the interpretation of biomarkers of exposure. For example, the measurement of 3-phenoxybenzioc acid (3-PBA) in urine is considered a non-specific biomarker of exposure because 3-PBA is a common metabolite of several pyrethroid pesticides. Therefore, additional information is needed to resolve which pyrethroid was the parent chemical. Top of page Biomarkers of Exposure Categories Chemical?–The most specific exposure biomarker is direct measurement of the chemical of interest in the body. Typically, measur