Lecture7Pragmatics.pptVIP

Lecture 7 Pragmatics By XU Yiliang Outline of my lecture on Pragmatics I. Introduction: an overview on pragmatics? 1).difference between grammatical study and pragmatics 2).difference between semantics and pragmatics 3).What is pragmatics and its categories based on text? *II. Micropragmatics 1) reference *2) deixis 3) anaphora **4) presupposition *III. macropragmatics 1) speech act theory 2) principle of conversation: (cooperative principle; the politeness principle) I. Introduction In the previous lectures, we learned both grammatical and semantic analysis of a sentence. Yet, there is still something unsaid about it. For instance Have you eaten? After some analysis, we feel that it does not mean the speaker is interested in the hearer’s state of stomach and the speaker is not ready to give the listener/hearer a big meal if he/she has not eaten. In short, as for our Chinese, it serves, more often than not, as a kind of greeting. There are many other instances in which the literal meaning of the utterance is far away from the intended meaning of the speaker and that the hearer can almost always work out what the speaker intends to convey. So this realization shows that grammatical analysis alone is not enough. It seems the case that once language is used, some extra meaning is produced on top of the literal meaning. This natural realization gradually gave birth to pragmatics, a field of study to take care of that part of meaning from language in use. 1.1 The difference between grammatical studies and pragmatic studies Secondly, in grammatical studies, we end up with products----correct sentences while in pragmatics we always deal with processes. In other words, after we have analyzed a sentence grammatically, our job is done; in pragmatic inquiry, we deal with an ever unfolding process— as the discourse goes on and on, the extra