廖申白 论方主流正义概念发展中的嬗变与综合.docVIP

廖申白 论西方主流正义概念发展中的嬗变与综合 来源：北京师范大学哲学与社会学学院 [内容提要] 在西方思想中，正义概念自产生以来历经了许多演变。从希腊神话、梭伦、柏拉图、亚里士多德一系的主流希腊思想，接通中世纪基督教的良心观念，经注入自然法的启蒙观念，汇合为自由主义的体系，并在此母体上吸收社会主义思想的部分影响，这构成了西方正义概念迄今发展的主脉。许多思想与观念都对正义的概念发生深刻影响。它的种种涵义是从它产生以来在整个西方历史中逐步增添、发展、补充进去的。在这些历史的嬗变中也不断产生新的综合形式。大致地说，在它产生于希腊思想之后，在基督教教义、自然法理论、近现代自由主义与社会主义的观念基础上都产生着新的综合。罗尔斯公平的正义的理论是西方正义概念在当代的一个最重要的综合。 [关键词] 正义? 应得? 惩罚? 自由? 平等 On the Variations and Syntheses in the Development of the Dominant Concept of Justice of the West [Abstract] In the Western thought, the concept of justice has undergone many changes since it emerged in Ancient Greek. The idea originated in the Greek mythology and got its forms in the thoughts of Solon, Plato, and Aristotle. Connected with the conception of conscience of the Middle Ages Christianity, and enlightened via the theory of natural law, it then converged into the system of liberalism and adopted some influences of the socialism. This is the main route of the development of the dominant concept of justice of the West. Many ideas and notions have left on it their deep influences. Developed from a different source, each of its various meaning added and made a supplement to it through the whole history since this concept emerged. At the meantime, these changes have been producing new syntheses. Roughly speaking, since it was given its birth in the Greek thoughts, new syntheses had got their becoming based on the notions of the Christian doctrine, theory of natural law, the modern and contemporary liberalism and socialism. Rawls theory of justice as fairness is one of the most important syntheses of the Western notion of justice of our time. [Keywords] justice; desert; punishment; liberties; equality ?? 1 关于正义的观念无论在东方还是西方都是表明着道德最初发源的观念，这种观念比礼法制度要更为古老。[1] 在中国思想中，义的观念的语源学的意义是以干戈护卫财产，同利益的界分与平衡、越界行为与矫正有紧密联系。义与仁共同构成道德的本源。仁是义的补充，在更为根本的意义上是义的基础，是人对于一般他人的友善意向与态度。在西方思想中，仁被看作是正义的相关德性，只是在社会主义的思想中才被视为正义的应有之义。义的观念在西方思想中始终是更重要的方面，这是同中国思想不同的。在古代希腊，正义概念至少同神话时代同样古老。正义一词来源于女神狄刻的名字，狄刻是正义的化身，主管对人间是非善的评判，她是宙斯同忒弥斯之女，忒弥斯是